Paul McCartney, Michael Jackson and Amy Winehouse have sung about them. Victor Vasharelly, Pierre Soulages and Kazimir Malevich captured them on canvas. Benetton and Oliviero Toscani dedicated an entire campaign to them. We are talking about black and white. Anyone who enters the world of these two colors will find themselves in a cosmos that is anything but monochrome. This becomes clear at the latest when you see the nuances created by the different substrates of the exhibits side by side in the new gallery exhibition at the Museum für Gestaltung. "I didn't want to create an exhibition in black and white because I would prefer to think in polarities," emphasizes Angeli Sachs. The Head of Exhibitions at the Museum für Gestaltung has already dealt with black over a longer period of time in the past. After the original idea of designing an exhibition on color was dropped because another museum was already dealing with the subject, Sachs opted for maximum contrast: "Black and White - Design of Opposites".
The words alone open up an associative space that is immediately filled with images: Fresh snow, the "LC2" armchair by Le Corbusier, racial discrimination, bride and groom. The two colors are anchored in all areas of our society. Whether against a cultural, creative or idealistic background, black and white play a central role. Traditionally, black has a negative connotation in Western culture, while white tends to have a positive connotation, which we owe above all to the moral worldview of the Christian churches. Even today, concepts such as good and evil, joy and sorrow, beginnings and endings are associated with the two colors. Animals with black fur or plumage are seen as helpers or harbingers of evil. The black cat is said to bring bad luck and the crow has the reputation of being a gallows bird or an assistant to black magic. The white dove symbolizes peace, white snow purity. The list of meanings attributed to the two colors is long. The symbolism of black and white is also often used in language and literature. It is particularly interesting to note that black and white are also strongly anchored in other cultures, albeit often with the opposite symbolism.
Concept, abstraction and elegance
The exhibition focuses on the cultural and social significance of the two colors in the "Space of Imagination". On the entrance wall, visitors will find "contemporary responses to precisely the echo chamber created by the fundamental work of modernism, Kazimir Malevich's 'black square on a white background'". A short excursion into art, created in collaboration with Haus Konstruktiv in Zurich. This is followed by a group of exhibits that are intended to set the mood for the important motifs of black and white. Right next to it, images and text collages on central cultural and social themes that can be associated with the two colors flicker across nine screens. A few steps further on, visitors are given a brief overview of the most important phenomena in the perception of black and white and their positioning in influential color systems.
The main part of the exhibition, which focuses on architecture, design and fashion, is divided into three sections: Black, Black and White and White. The exhibits gathered here - all influential contemporary witnesses of modernity and the present - reflect another central meaning of the two colors. Angeli Sachs explains: "Black and white are also the colors of avant-garde, of concept, of abstraction and elegance." For many designers, the essence of their design is most clearly visible in black or white. Against this backdrop, entire campaigns are repeatedly created in advertising that dispense with the use of bright colors. "Standing out is not necessarily defined by color," says someone who should know. Thom Pfister is CD and partner at the Komet advertising agency in Bern and has already attracted the attention of various clients with his team using black and white. "The power of a strong statement in a pure typography campaign should not be underestimated. In addition, black and white offer maximum contrast and, combined with the right shapes, they hit like a bomb. While advertising in the 1930s relied heavily on color photos, it seems as if the power of this maximum contrast is being used again today: "Among the current 100 best posters in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the proportion of black and white posters is over a third," says Pfister. If you take a closer look at the senders of these "colorless" advertising messages, they are often those who celebrate the avant-garde and elegance described by Sachs with their products or as an institution. These include fashion, design and architecture in particular. "We are also noticing a continuing trend in this direction among our customers from the cultural sector," adds the Komet CD. However, he admits that in this segment in particular, printing costs sometimes simply determine the choice of color. For the creative artist, however, it is clear that people and stories in particular can often develop more power in black and white. This statement also applies to the picture of Miles Davis, which is part of Michel Comte's portfolio. The photographer himself is convinced: "This portrait would be unthinkable in color. Just like the Nespresso campaigns with George Clooney." Nevertheless, Comte emphasizes that he is at home in both the black and white and the coloured world. "But I always start from brightness, from light, it's all about brightness," Comte continues. This applies to so-called art photos and portraits as well as advertising commissions.
Angeli Sachs has dispensed with graphic design in the new exhibition for reasons of space. Instead, from November 8, 2011 to March 5, 2012, the poster collection of the Museum für Gestaltung will be showing selected Swiss works from 1930 to the present day on the premises of the Swiss National Bank. These are intended to illustrate that posters in black and white can certainly compete with the "often obtrusive colorfulness of mass culture".
Simone Fankhauser
In a nutshell
The Museum für Gestaltung Zürich is showing the exhibition "Schwarz Weiss - Design der Gegensätze" in the gallery from November 9, 2011 to March 4, 2012. It will be accompanied by various exhibition talks. The exhibition also marks the start of a pilot project in the further development of education at the Museum für Gestaltung Zürich. In addition to guided tours, workshops and exhibition talks, the offer also includes the "Heaven/Hell" object. Visitors can define their own opposites in writing on a folding template. www.museum-gestaltung.ch