WW: Mr. Wyss, your book promises to show how journalists and editorial offices can ensure quality in the media. What is media quality anyway? Vinzenz Wyss: If media quality is to be determined, it must be based on the function that journalism fulfills in a society. Although we talk about media quality, we actually mean journalistic quality. It is not about the goals of the media organization; journalism must primarily do something for society.
What does it do?
Journalism should help society to observe itself. It brings diverse points of view to the public and thus facilitates discourse. It mediates between different, mostly inconsistent perspectives. In other words, it takes economic, political or even aesthetic considerations into account with regard to a certain issue "Should a certain traffic circle be built or not?" and facilitates the discussion: "Should the traffic circle be built at this price with this aesthetic?"
You mention the forum function of journalism...
Journalism must go one step further. It must hierarchize and evaluate. It must ask which arguments are credible and which are a deceptive maneuver. Journalism does not just present statements by different people. It places them in a context and tries to create transparency. Why does someone say A when they used to say B? Journalism provides the public with information to help them make decisions.
And you derive the quality standards from this function?
Yes, one criterion that can be derived, for example, is relevance. Socially relevant information belongs in the public domain. Topics that need to be fed into public discourse because they help an audience to make decisions. Is relevance independent of the media title? Of course there is a division of labor between the media titles. Different media - weekly newspapers, online platforms or radio - have different approaches. Some scandalize a little more, others tend to depict structures, while for others it is important to tell stories. However, the concept of relevance remains the same, regardless of whether it is an article in a tabloid or the NZZ.
The same things are relevant for a tabloid as for the NZZ?
Here we are at the "hardcore criteria" that journalism fulfills in contrast to other actors in society - politics, culture or business. If a company pursues economic goals, we do not expect them to be relevant to society as a whole. Journalism, on the other hand, does. I also expect a Swiss magazine to portray people whose stories are used to convey norms and values: How do I organize my life? What do I like, what do I dislike? These are also important services that tabloid journalism in particular explicitly pursues. I am not making a hierarchy between different types of media. Each has its function in society. The difference lies solely in access. For example, the tabloids are highly personalized.
Isn't it precisely personalization that is criticized when it comes to quality in the media?
Yes, but it is wrong to assume that journalism can do without personalization. For something to be understandable, it needs the ability to reduce complex issues. Journalism achieves comprehensibility - another quality criterion - by naming specific role players. Let's take the reporting on Philipp Hildebrand as an example. There are various players: the bank president, the politician, the lawyer, the victim, etc. It's a wonderful story. Ultimately, however, it's about a structural problem, about the questions: Is someone in such an important position allowed to carry out foreign exchange transactions? And how does Swiss society deal with this? The topic is highly relevant and journalism cannot avoid naming role models.
So personalization is not a problem?
But there is a problem when you tell stories for the sake of personalization. You have great heroes - perpetrators and victims - but the story being told is completely irrelevant. When it comes to what kind of panties Paris Hilton wears, you have to ask yourself to what extent this personalization helps to address structurally important issues.
Personalization is okay if it helps to explain things?
Exactly, it is a means to an end. But it must not be placed above the end. It's not enough to have a great story, to tell a fairy tale. Journalism should leave that to cinema, literature and the entertainment industry. Journalism should point out irritations, problems that should be solved.
What other criteria are important besides relevance and comprehensibility?
In contrast to literature, advertising or PR, we expect journalism to refer to facts, to make an effort to get to the truth. For example, by checking several sources. This also includes the concept of transparency. Where does a statement come from? Is it credible? What interests are behind it? This goes as far as the production conditions. It should be transparent how a text came about. The reader must know the background in order to be able to assess how a text should be judged.
Does transparency also include knowing who owns a media company?
Absolutely! It is naïve to think that a media company is the same as a commercial enterprise. Media companies have the power to interpret. They have the freedom to describe reality, although we can never be certain whether a description of reality is accurate. This freedom calls for responsibility, which also includes transparency regarding ownership. Are you in favor of a "Lex Weltwoche"? Absolutely. I am about to demand that the public must know where the resources that produce journalism come from, as we can assume that the means of power that are used - money, personnel - have an influence on the independence of the editorial team. In the interests of transparency, this should be disclosed. It is legitimate for a political party to own a media company as long as it is transparent.
Now we have some quality criteria...
Of course there would be more: independence, diversity of perspectives, the requirement for fairness, narrativity...
The list would be even longer. But how does an editorial team manage to ensure quality?
We, the authors of the book, believe that a conscious approach to quality can be organized. This begins by making your understanding of quality explicit. The journalistic understanding often exists in the minds of editors. What is needed, however, are journalistic guidelines. At Tamedia, for example, the guidelines could set out how to deal with topics that concern the company. It must be regulated how an editor at 20 Minuten deals with it when a product from their own company is in the dock. Do I then make it a topic? Quality assurance cannot be left to chance or an ad hoc discussion.
Journalistic guidelines already exist today ...
However, such sets of rules are often token exercises. They are made because it is good manners. In practice, however, the rules are dusty and are hardly ever consciously used as a means of control. Nobody knows them, nobody refers to them. It can be schizophrenic when a company sets out certain guiding principles but acts completely differently.
To what extent can your book change this?
The book attempts to provide practices and tips on how to refer to such rules and regulations on a daily basis in an organization's work process. They will only be brought to life if they are also updated in everyday life and become meaningful. It is important that such voluntary commitments - the treatment of children, the requirement for fairness, the use of hidden cameras - are regulated down to the smallest detail. Swiss radio and television has a great set of rules, which are also publicly accessible.
Is it up to the editors-in-chief to create or implement such rules?
It is above all the editors-in-chief or managing editors who have a duty. It is important that managers give their commitment and ensure that these rules are enforced. But without journalists being involved in defining the principles, there is no point. There must be a constant discourse. Do our guidelines still make sense? Do we need to make adjustments? Cases that contradict the guidelines should be addressed.
Given the current conditions in editorial offices, regulations could be perceived as an additional burden due to the reduction in resources and personnel.
Certainly. That's why I believe our book comes at the right moment. We are at a turning point. Some media companies are having major problems financing journalism. We authors are convinced that journalism can only survive in the long term if it strengthens its internal self-healing powers. In order to be credible in the long term or to differentiate itself from social media - from the constant noise - it should be in the interest of the entire profession, from journalists to management, to establish quality assurance structures. It is about consciously optimizing and improving journalistic performance.
Can you give an example of how journalistic performance can be optimized?
Let's take a day in an editorial office as an example. At the morning editorial meeting, someone says: "So, what are we doing today?" (Incidentally, this is already the first problem: too little planning is done in advance.) Another person replies: "I've heard that a politician wants to reintroduce the lockdown in Lucerne. Do we want to do something about that? " Another says: "Okay, I'll do it." That's it. This is where we should start. It would be important to follow the guidelines right from the planning stage. To ask: Why is it relevant? A story is relevant if it gives the audience guidance to make decisions. The journalist must uncover the motives behind it. Why does the politician want the lockdown? If it were about noise, embargo periods would be useless. In addition, the journalist should formulate a desired statement: "I want the audience to learn from my article, to understand that...
So quality is assured in the editorial meeting?
The process continues, of course. When the editor in charge sets off to gather soundbites - what politicians and those affected on the street think of the lockdown - we have to ask ourselves again: Are the goals we have set ourselves achievable? Or do we have new information and therefore need to change the story? Quality assurance goes as far as feedback, which is only worth anything if you refer to rules. Often it's just: "That was still good." Why it was good, what requirements were met, is not mentioned. You can't learn anything from "good". I have to refer to rules. For example: "I found the article interesting. But you violated the requirement of fairness, you didn't even talk to the accused..."
You work as an evaluator yourself. Is it possible to ensure sufficient quality internally or would it be helpful for print media to be externally audited, as is the case with licensed radio and TV stations?
I firmly believe that the print media would also do well to allow an external, critical view of their own organization. Without coercion, of course. But if a company says: We don't think we're doing a bad job, we have editorial conferences, planning processes, we also give feedback, but we still want to bring in someone who looks at these things from a different perspective, I think that makes sense.
Who do the media turn to?
Evaluators who currently review licensed radio and television stations would certainly also be suitable for doing this in the print sector. Mediaprocessing, Publicom, Certimedia or even Media Quality Assessment (MQA), my own company. But before you have an external assessment carried out, you can do a lot yourself. You have to put on the glasses that an external evaluator would use and take a critical look at your own processes. Our book can also help with this. What rules apply? You should map out the typical process from the idea for a journalistic story to the planning and criticism at the end. You will immediately find places where there are breaks. You should also involve employees and ask them where processes can be optimized. Or how to deal with audience feedback or complaints.
In what way?
For example, in the form of an audience council like the SRG has. Some people have the feeling that this is just self-congratulation on the part of SRG. However, there are also audience councils at private media, for example at Tele Basel. Tele 1 in Lucerne also wants to introduce something similar. These broadcasters want a reflection of people who regularly watch their program and give feedback on what they have noticed. That can be very fruitful. Kurt
Imhof has his difficulties in gaining the attention of practitioners with the "Quality of the Media" yearbook. Are you confident that you will be noticed?
I am confident. Some of the criticism is unfair to practitioners. They try hard, they love their profession, but unfortunately they are often at the mercy of structural conditions that squeeze them out. I think the journalists in the editorial offices are already doing a lot of what I mentioned. With the book, we can show them that what they do is important, but that quality assurance can be managed more consciously. This would also strengthen self-confidence, which I think is currently lacking in the industry. Formulating values and goals that you want to pursue with journalism forces you to formulate your self-image. Why you are there, how you understand quality in journalism. This also gives you better arguments against those who create structures. You have to convince them that it is important to invest in quality.
So the book is not aimed at publishers, but primarily at journalists?
Exactly, the book is primarily aimed at the creators, but also editorial managers and even individual journalists who sit at an editorial conference and ask themselves: "What am I doing there anyway? This is wasted time." The knowledge conveyed in the book can help journalists to get involved and create better structures. Of course, it would also be good for every publisher to read the book in order to better understand where the possibilities and limits of journalistic quality assurance lie. If they have this understanding, they will be a better discussion partner for the editorial offices and will be taken seriously.
Isabel Imper
Vinzenz Wyss (46) studied German language and literature, journalism and sociology at the University of Zurich. From 1991 to 1998 he worked as an editor and presenter for the private radio station Radio 32 in Solothurn. From 1994 to 2003, he worked at the University of Zurich as an assistant, senior assistant, research assistant and finally as managing director of IPMZ Transfer. In 2002, he completed his doctorate on the subject of "Editorial Quality Management".
Since 2003, he has been Professor of Journalism and Media Research at the IAM Institute for Applied Media Studies at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW in Winterthur. He is also a lecturer at the Media Institute of the Swiss Press Association and teaches at the MAZ School of Journalism in Lucerne and at the Institute for Journalism Studies and Media Research IPMZ at the University of Zurich. In 2009, Wyss was elected President of the Swiss Association for Communication and Media Studies. With MQA - Media Quality Assessment - he runs an evaluation office recognized by the Federal Office of Communications Bakom, which evaluates and improves quality management concepts in media organizations.
The book by Vinzenz Wyss, Peter Studer (former President of the Swiss Press Council, Editor-in-Chief of Swiss Television and Editor-in-Chief of the Tages-Anzeiger) and Toni Zwyssig (former Head of Training at Swiss Television SF, correspondent and editor) was published by Orell Füssli Verlag on January 15. With this 209-page work, the authors aim to make a clarifying contribution to the ongoing debate on media quality and show what constitutes media quality and how it can be implemented in editorial offices. The authors have spoken to professional media producers and critical media users in German-speaking countries, looked around for findings and recipes and recorded them in a guide.