In the pub or at the doctor's
Swisscom plans to switch entirely to Internet telephony by 2017. This marks the end of an era in Switzerland's communications history.
The director of the telephone museum in Islikon TG sees Swisscom's decision to completely abandon the old analog technology for telephony as a historic step. "This marks the end of the era of classic switching technology," Roger Pfister told the SDA news agency. This technology began in the 19th century. "The first major change for society came with the invention of telegraphy," Pfister continued. Telegraphy was invented in the 1830s, arrived in Switzerland in 1852 and quickly became a global network. It meant that messages could suddenly be exchanged within a very short space of time. The telephone was another important step towards today's communication society. Now subscribers could communicate directly with each other.
First Zurich, then Basel
Zurich was the first Swiss city to have a telephone network. This was set up in 1880 by the private "Zürcher Telephongesellschaft", as Roger Pfister, director of the telephone museum in Islikon TG, explains. The network was a purely local network with 141 connections. According to the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, the federal government took over the construction and operation of further telephone networks from 1881, first in Basel and Bern, then in Geneva. By 1891, around 100 local networks had been created, which grew together to form a national network. The telephone then spread throughout Switzerland. For a long time, long-distance calls were switched manually by a telephone operator, popularly known as the "Fräulein von Amt". From the very beginning, only unmarried women were employed for this work in Switzerland.
In 1923, automation of the switchboards gradually began. This allowed callers to dial the number of the person they were calling themselves. The postal, telephone and telegraph companies (PTT) divided Switzerland into 52 network groups for this purpose. According to the Historical Dictionary, the last manually operated telephone exchange switched to an automatic system in 1959. Switzerland was thus the first country with a fully automated telephone network.
In the pub or at the doctor's
Initially, the telephone was mainly used for business transactions, not least for cost reasons. Anyone who wanted to make a phone call but did not yet have their own connection had to do so on a public line or, for a fee, with private individuals who owned a telephone. Private telephone owners often let other people use their phones for a fee, as the director of the Telephone Museum explains. This created a kind of private telephone office. "That was a reason for certain families not to buy a telephone," said Pfister.
"The telephone was not an everyday thing," says Juri Jaquemet, who is responsible for the information technology collection at the Bern Communications Museum. In the villages and small towns, there was often only a telephone at the doctor's, the judge's or in the village pub. "A phone call was something out of the ordinary that caused a stir."
After the end of the Second World War, the telephone finally found its way into more and more private households. Whereas in 1920 there were 3.3 telephones per 100 inhabitants in Switzerland, by 1980 there were over 70, according to the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. The 1980s saw the digitalization of telecommunications with the introduction of ISDN - and the beginning of a new era. At the same time, the cell phone, launched in Switzerland in 1978, became increasingly important. In 2002, the number of mobile phone connections exceeded the number of landline connections for the first time.
Value of the invention not immediately recognized
Several people were involved in the development of the telephone. In 1853, the French telegraph official Charles Bourseul outlined the idea of transmitting human speech electronically in an essay. However, he did not put the idea into practice. In 1861, the German physicist Johann Philipp Reis succeeded in developing the first functioning telephone set. However, the value of his invention was not recognized, as the director of the telephone museum in Islikon explains. Even when the American Alexander Graham Bell developed a telephone to market maturity in 1876 and had it patented, the importance of the invention was not recognized at first. He almost went bankrupt. According to Pfister, the telephone finally became marketable in 1878 thanks to the invention of the inexpensive carbon microphone. (Larissa Tschudi/SDA)
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