Media policy is therefore not very attractive even for politicians and journalists, but in the coming weeks and months this topic will be on the agenda several times.
1. how do the people decide?
On June 14, the Swiss people will have to vote on the revision of the Federal Radio and Television Act (RTVA). The focus is on the current device-dependent reception fee, which is to be replaced by a mandatory fee per household for all. The Swiss Trade Association has launched a referendum against this, which is why the people will now have the final say. It will be interesting to see how the supporters of the referendum intend to convince voters in the referendum campaign to forgo a lower fee (CHF 400) and stick with the old system (CHF 462). The argument put forward by the business community that it is wrong to force companies (with a turnover of more than half a million francs) to pay RTV levies of 200 million francs instead of the previous total of 40 million francs is also unlikely to be a convincing argument. For better or worse, arguments for or against SRG will be put forward in the referendum campaign. As SRG still appears to be well established among the general public, most parties will hardly want to campaign for changes to the state broadcaster, especially in the 2015 election year. The "Yes to the RTVA" committee is led by Media Minister Leuthard's party, the CVP; it also includes representatives of the SP, the BDP and the Greens, as well as the FDP, which is divided on this issue. If the referendum is approved, the mandatory household levy will be off the table for the time being. Parliament will have to tackle the funding issue again, but will probably first hold a fundamental debate on the public service, which is currently being prepared. If the referendum is rejected, the new media tax will be collected from 2017.
2. will anti-SRG initiatives come about?
However, the SRG and the associated fees are not well received everywhere. The frequency with which initiatives to abolish them are being launched is increasing. Signatures are currently being collected for two such referendums. The collection period for the "Radio and television - without Billag" initiative runs until May 12, 2015. This is backed by the organization "Solidarische Schweiz" (SOS), which already failed at the collection stage with a similar initiative in 2012. The initiative committee "No Billag - Yes to the abolition of radio and television fees" has until December 11, 2015 to collect the 100,000 signatures required for the initiative to come to fruition. The Young SVP and Jungfreisinn circles are leading the way. According to a statement on the committee's website, 50,000 signatures had been collected by January 21, which means that 46% of the collection target had been met.
3. what does parliament do?
The term "press concentration" was already making the rounds in the Federal Parliament in 1967, and a postulate by "Vaterland" editor Alfons Müller-Marzohl was the beginning of a long series of reports and proposals, all of which fell by the wayside. Concerns, especially on the part of publishers, about state interference in the media sector always found a majority in parliament. The defining feature of press promotion in Switzerland is therefore that there is no constitutional basis for it today. It is therefore not surprising that the national government does not want to expose itself here, sees no immediate need for action and wants to give the industry time to overcome these challenges on its own. However, as Parliament has called for a funding concept, the Federal Council published a report on safeguarding the state and democratic functions of the media at the beginning of December last year. This report also refers to the proposals of the Federal Media Commission (Emek) on media promotion from September 2014. However, without a constitutional basis, the Federal Council cannot present or revise an effective media promotion law, but is forced to propose a raft of different and less coherent measures that could be implemented in the short term, i.e. without amending the law, in order to mitigate the consequences of structural change. It is now up to Parliament to initiate concrete measures to promote the media, especially the press. As history shows, the chances of this happening are slim.
- Reduction in postal tax: Since the founding of the federal state, the press in Switzerland has been indirectly supported by the state through postal prices that do not cover costs. Today, the federal government spends CHF 50 million annually to support 1222 publications. The vast majority of these, 1082, are newspapers and magazines published by non-profit organizations. In addition, there are 140 daily and weekly newspapers from the local and regional press. Titles with a circulation of more than 100,000 copies are excluded, and only daily delivery and not early delivery is compensated. With the consolidation and task review package, the Federal Council put the abolition of the delivery allowance up for discussion, but came to the conclusion in its report last December that "media policy interests currently justify retaining the delivery allowance for the time being". The effect of indirect press subsidies has always been controversial. In its statement on media subsidies at the beginning of September last year, the Emek also judged these measures to be "outdated", saying they were "no longer necessary and hardly effective". On the same day, the Swiss Media Publishers Association defended itself and warned that the end of the postal tax reduction posed an "existential threat" to newspaper publishers.
- Adjust VAT: A reduced VAT rate of 2.5 percent applies to radio and television as well as printed newspapers and magazines, while the standard rate of 8 percent is applied to online media. This reduction is a significant indirect subsidy for the press, resulting in losses of around CHF 60 million (as of 2008). A lower tax rate for online editions of newspapers would currently result in an annual loss of revenue of around one million francs, although this could increase significantly due to developments in the digital sector.
- Promote news agency: Because the basic services in French and Italian are loss-making, the dispatch agency has traditionally cross-financed these losses with income from German-speaking Switzerland. These losses are now to be taken over by the Confederation - the corresponding provisions in the Languages Act provide for this. The Federal Council is proposing that this financial support be linked to a performance mandate and limited to five to seven years. In doing so, the government is overlooking the fact that this will bring a new, state-run medium onto the market. After all, in the Internet age, it can hardly be the case that the reports of a state-funded agency service are not accessible to everyone, but are only read by one or two dozen news directors in the respective editorial offices and in most cases, due to a lack of space or airtime, are consigned to the (electronic) wastepaper basket.
- Offer innovation support: The Federal Council recommends that the media industry make greater use of the services offered by the Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI), which promotes application-oriented research and development as well as entrepreneurship. This is despite the fact that the major media companies have long been active in the start-up sector (see Werbewoche 13/ 18.7.2014, p. 18 f.), in that new companies are not set up from the outset, but are (partially or fully) bought in as soon as they have passed the initial tests.
- Prices double: The Federal Office of Communications, Bakom, has been supporting training and further education institutions for media professionals for years; in recent years, around one million Swiss francs have been spent annually on this. The Federal Council is proposing to double this amount, although companies' training budgets are not always fully utilized today.
- Improve media literacy: Under the auspices of the Federal Social Insurance Office, the national Youth and Media program has been running since 2011 to promote the media skills of children and young people and their caregivers in dealing with digital media. Three million Swiss francs have been made available for the program, which comes to an end this year. It will be continued depending on the experience gained.
4. will there be a fundamental debate on media policy?
However, it is unlikely that the Federal Council's proposals will result in the Federal Parliament adopting mandates to draw up concrete media policy proposals this year. On the one hand, this has to do with the upcoming general elections in the fall. On the other hand, questions about the future definition of the public service are looming like an elephant in the room. At the end of April 2014, the Council of States' Committee for Transport and Telecommunications adopted a postulate calling for the Federal Council to produce a "Report on SRG's public service provision", which was adopted in the summer session. As the Federal Council normally has two years to respond to postulates, the debate on new approaches to media promotion has been postponed until 2016. The Emek also intends to address public service issues in its next report and has already held several hearings on the subject.
Christoph J. Walther