Advertising psychology His test is used worldwide because Max Lüscher knows exactly how people react to colors. On September 9, "Farben-Lüscher" will be 80 years old.WW: The color black is very popular in the advertising industry. What does someone express who is dressed in black every day? Max Lüscher: These people have one thing in common: they don't show their feelings freely. They claim to be right. We have to let go of the idea that people are the way they want to be seen. Almost all people have a front and a flip side. If a person presents themselves as very compliant, there is often an authoritarian claim behind it. If, on the other hand, someone appears authoritarian, there may be either a soft core or a fear of being influenced. So someone who consistently dresses in black has an authoritarian, authoritative appearance.
Federal Councillor Micheline Calmy-Rey can sometimes be seen on television in her office: The room is a veritable orgy of bright, cheerful colors. Yellow, green, red in variations, even orange. What does that say?
It signals: "I am addressing the public." These colors appear cheerful, light, happy. I often wear yellow myself
Therefore, I also address the public - with my books. But that doesn't mean that I'm a sociable person.
Personalities are known to change, for example with age. Do you react differently to certain colors today than you did 50 years ago?
No. I remember painting a certain drawing with my favorite colors when I was four years old. The colors from back then are still my favorite primary colors today, namely blue and yellow. For me and for many others, the character has basically not changed.
Can the sender of a "color message" assume that the respective color will be received equally by all people?
Yes, he can. All over the world, in all people. Color perception and the associated sensory experience is a physiological reaction. However, whether you like a certain color or find it unpleasant varies from person to person. For example, everyone with normal vision perceives red as red and feels it as such. Red creates excitement. Depending on whether a person wants or rejects excitement, they react to this color with approval or rejection.
What role does color play in the workplace?
A very important one. I advised Axel Springer Verlag in Hamburg for many decades. The editorial teams there worked in rooms with white, bare walls. The white walls had a tiring effect. That gave me the idea that all the linen in an operating theater shouldn't be white either.
So the fact that green rather than white gowns are now worn in operating theaters is due to her initiative?
Forty years ago, a special congress was held at the Basel Cantonal Hospital for chief surgeons from all over Switzerland, at which I was able to describe my experiences with the color white. I explained that the white drapes in particular, over which the surgeon works for hours on end, had a tiring effect. I recommended having them dyed lime green to protect the eyes and contrast with red blood. None of these surgeons agreed with me. Only the head surgeon in Basel at the time thought: "Let's try this for Mr. Lüscher's sake." Today, you won't see an operating room in any hospital or TV movie where only white drapes are used.
Can mistakes be made with colors?
If you use colors in a targeted way, you should choose the color that creates the desired effect. An example from everyday life is the woman who dresses in red and thus signals lusty activity. The choice of color for labels and packaging of luxury foods is crucial for sales. Even medicines must not have the wrong colors if you want people to take them.
An example?
A well-known multivitamin preparation is sold in a brown capsule - completely wrong. It should be orange. Or the capsule of a tranquillizer is black and red - also completely wrong. Red and black together mean explosive aggressiveness, which is certainly not calming.
Colors are almost always used in combinations...
... the meaning of the individual color remains the same. But in combination with another, it can create a new effect. Let's take magenta, a pink violet. The meaning of magenta alone is sensitivity, vibrating intensity. If I combine magenta with orange-red, this creates a pleasurable, often sexual arousal in the viewer. If, on the other hand, I combine magenta with a dark blue, the vibrating sensitivity expresses itself as a sensitive, tender empathy.
The new Stop AIDS campaign is yellow and black.
That's exactly right. This combination symbolizes suicide. It could be mine.
What about color in mass psychology?
Thirty years ago, I advised a cigarette company to improve the packaging of its very successful brand. I optimized the pack and the posters for the target group with just a few color changes so that sales increased by a third.
However, you no longer advertise cigarettes. Why?
Today we know how harmful smoking is. That's why I will never support this advertising again.
Yet you still watch cigarette advertising?
Yes, but only to observe how well or badly this advertising is done. I recently noticed a brand of cigarettes called Cartier at the kiosk. The stronger version has a blue band on the packaging, the milder one a red one. That's exactly wrong. Companies don't even know how much they are damaging themselves by using the wrong colors. Colors are used to control the consumer's perception so that they can sense the unique character and quality of the product.
For example?
I have differentiated five types of must by color so that the label indicates the taste: blue-green tones for sour must, light, pale yellow, slightly reddish tones for sweet must.
What colors do you recommend for beer packaging?
A beer label should usually signal nature, as it is a distinctly natural product. So it must certainly contain green.
And for chocolate, which is already colored per se?
I can signal the flavor by using certain colors. If something is to be sold as sweet, salmon-pink colors are suitable. Blue-green and brown tones are suitable for bitter nuances. If it contains honey, I use the honey color.
Max Lüscher, guru of color psychology, has often used his findings on the effect of basic and mixed colors in advertising.
Life for the colorsMax Lüscher, born in Basel on September 9, 1923, was granted a special permit at the age of 16.
to attend psychological and philosophical lectures at the University of Basel. He soon realized that the general assertion that colors have no specific meaning cannot be true. He proved that color perception is objective and universal. This made him the founder of what is now globally recognized scientific colour psychology. In 1947, Lüscher explained his color diagnostics at the first World Congress of Psychology in Lausanne. As a result, his color test with the "Lüscher colors" quickly became internationally known. Max Lüscher wrote 14 specialist books, some of which have been translated into 29 languages. His best-known titles are "Psychology of Colors", "The 4-Color Man", "Signals of Personality" and "The Colors of Love". His main work is called "The Law of Harmony in Us". Lüscher, now professor emeritus, lives in Lucerne and Locarno and his office (Lüscher-Diagnostik) is located in Riehen. More information can be found at www.luscher-color.com. (hrf)
Interview: Herbert Fischer