Technology Electronic paper is coming in the near future - as an advertising poster and probably also as a book After Ida Schwyzer has made herself comfortable in the train compartment, she pulls an A4-sized foil out of her handbag, holds her cell phone to it and touches a field with the word "Update" on the edge of the foil. The news of the day immediately appears on the slide. What Schwyzer is holding in her hands is an electronic newspaper, which she can now delve into, a scenario that is only partly futuristic. Although the electronic newspaper is not yet available, precursor products made from so-called electronic paper (e-paper) have been on the market for some time. A year ago, Sony and the US company E Ink launched an electronic book on the market that is no bigger than a thin paperback but stores the contents of several books. You "turn the pages" and search using buttons.
E-paper made from plastic films
E-paper comes in different varieties, but the basic principle is - if you'll pardon the pun - roughly similar. Electronic paper from the US companies E Ink or Gyricon consists of plastic films in which millions of small beads are embedded. These are half black and half white and float in a film of oil. Using an electrical charge, they can be rotated so that either the white or the black side is turned to the front. The charge is transferred to the individual beads via a network of electrodes that cover the films. As soon as these are turned to the desired position, text or images appear on the surface. Full-color e-papers are now also available. These work with individually controllable color filters that are placed over the beads.
The advantage over conventional paper: e-paper can be rewritten and erased electronically again and again - just like a computer screen. The disadvantage is that it cannot (yet) be folded, but it can be rolled tightly, now to a radius of 5 millimeters. Incidentally, the pellets are so tiny that a resolution of around 150 dots per square centimeter can be achieved - that is twice as much as is needed for a newspaper image. Philips has also developed electronic paper that can display video content. It is used in cell phone displays, digital cameras and video cameras.
As no light source is required for the operation of e-paper, electricity is only needed for the memory, for "turning pages" and, of course, for playing animations. Further advantages over an LCD screen: The writing is easy to read even in bright light and from a flat angle. At this year's Baselworld, the companies Seiko and Epson presented a watch with a dial made of electronic paper for the first time. As e-paper can also be controlled wirelessly, it can be used as an updatable advertising poster or as a price tag in a department store. Both are offered in series, including by the New York company Magink.
Out-of-home advertiser APG has just become aware of Magink's posters and took a close look at them last year. The conclusion: "They are interesting for us because they are cheaper than our LED walls in train stations," says CEO Christian Kauter. "But in terms of color, for example, they are not yet the yellow of the egg." Nevertheless, he is certain that e-paper will find its way into outdoor advertising - at least in places with an electrical connection. This would also make it possible to change subjects at short notice - for example, when a shopping center wants to offer discounted strawberries in its area shortly before closing time. One thing is certain: APG is prepared. "We have the know-how and functioning software at our subsidiary E-Advertising," says Kauter.
Media companies are taking a wait-and-see approach The situation is quite different for the major newspaper publishers. Here, no one expects the electronic newspaper to emerge quickly. This is evidenced by the huge investments in new printing presses that have just been made. A survey by Werbewoche shows: Technical developments are being observed everywhere, but few people, let alone at association level, are apparently considering what this could mean in terms of publishing strategy, for example in terms of alliances with telecommunications companies, other publishers, online and mobile marketers. But what does it mean for a publisher if moving images can be shown in the newspaper in future? Or if the newspaper becomes a large display on a cell phone? Will consumers still want a full newspaper in the future - or will they prefer to compile content individually? And what does this development mean for advertisements, supplements and future business models?
One of the few who is thinking further ahead is Beat Lauber, Head of Regional Newspapers at the NZZ. He does not believe that electronic newspapers will become widespread before five to seven years. "But when the new medium comes, it will come relatively quickly," he warns. The core activity of newspapers - obtaining and preparing information - will not change, but editorial offices will have to prepare it differently and constantly update it online. Dealing with the individualization of information will be a challenge for today's business model. As the appeal of a newspaper is still the surprising confrontation with new ways of thinking. The same applies to advertising. Nevertheless, consumers will increasingly decide in future how and which advertising they want to use. Lauber sees two basic business models for newspapers: Either customers pay for targeted information or they receive a broad, largely advertising-financed information package, as is the case today. Savings in newspaper sales, on the other hand, would be more or less offset by the costs of digital transmission, warns Lauber.
Andreas Göldi, head of the Publi-Connect project at NZZ partner PubliGroupe, agrees with Lauber. Göldi also believes that PubliGroupe in particular, which is already active in the online and mobile sector and has an initial, well-functioning partnership with the mobile provider Swisscom in the PubliDirect (Yellow Pages) area, is already well geared towards the new medium. However, he believes that the most urgent task for P is to coordinate among the publishers to achieve common standards and develop shared infrastructures - similar to PrintOnline, the digital data courier from P, NZZ, Tamedia and Ringier. A project in the area of online classifieds is imminent.
Publishing house with online products
As a publisher, Urs Gossweiler, editor of the Jungfrau-Zeitung in Brienz, has made the most consistent headway. "We made a strategic decision in our company at the beginning of the year that also includes the future with e-paper," says Gossweiler. In concrete terms, his publishing house is becoming a fully online company with a focus on the virtual distribution of content. "We don't care whether the consumer accesses our content via cell phone, text message or website, whether they want it on paper or download it to their e-paper one day," says Gossweiler.
All content is therefore available online; only a fraction of it is already published on paper. Primeurs therefore also belong on the web and are not saved for the newspaper. Part of this strategy is that content on the website is accessible free of charge. "The Internet is not a medium for us, but the basis, which is why the website doesn't cost us a penny," says Gossweiler. "But as soon as consumers want content by text message or on paper, they have to pay us for the distribution or packaging costs."
Jungfrau's advertising sales are also online-oriented. "When talking to our customers, we deliberately don't sell advertisements, but contacts, regardless of the medium," says Gossweiler. In this way, he wants to sensitize (local) customers to the new and future advertising media today. "However, advertisers are still more willing to pay for a print advertisement than for online or mobile advertising," Gossweiler has found.
This is precisely why outsourcing advertising sales is out of the question for him: as a publisher, he wants to keep his finger on the pulse of his customers. "For example, we still don't know how we can generate as much revenue online as with a physical medium," he says. Gossweiler and his team are therefore tirelessly searching for new, more suitable forms of advertising.
The curved electronic paper, which Seiko Watch and Epson have used in a watch for the first time in the world, measures three by nine centimetres. Like a conventional display, it is able to show the time and all other functions - but is easier to read thanks to its higher contrast and wider viewing angle.
The watch with the e-paper display was exhibited at the Baselword 2005 watch and jewelry fair and is due to be launched on the Japanese market this year. (mk)
On display at the World Expo in Japan: E-paper wall newspaper.
As thin as a paperback: the electronic book from Sony.
E-paper film cannot be folded, but it can be rolled tightly.
Markus Knöpfli