According to a survey by the American organization Freedom House, press freedom has been restricted in all regions of the world. Of the 195 countries and regions surveyed, the media were only able to work unhindered in 70 in 2008, which corresponds to 36 percent. This compares with 72 countries worldwide in the previous year. In 2008, Freedom House classified the media situation in 61 countries (31 percent) as "partly free" and in 64 others (33 percent) as "unfree".
Restrictions on journalists have increased for seven years in a row, but 2008 was the first year in which they increased in all regions of the world, including Western Europe. "Today, journalism is struggling to stay alive, with pressure from governments, other influential actors and the global economic crisis exacting a huge price," explained Freedom House Director Jennifer Windsor.
Freedom of expression curtailed in Italy
According to the study, Western Europe is still the region with the highest level of press freedom, although Italy was downgraded to the "partly free" category. The authors justified this by stating that the Italian judiciary and legislature are curtailing the right to freedom of expression. The increasing concentration of the media in Italy is also a cause for concern.
Freedom House recorded the most massive decline in press freedom in Central and Eastern Europe. The organization cited the murder of journalists in Bulgaria and Croatia, attacks on Bosnian media representatives and the fact that Russian journalists were denied protection as examples.
Intimidation campaigns and "blogger hells"
In addition to Italy, Israel and Hong Kong were also downgraded from "free" to "partly free" status. China, Cuba, Iran, Burma, North Korea, the Palestinian territories, Zimbabwe and Belarus, among others, received the worst rating - i.e. "unfree" status.
In general, an increase in press freedom in South Asia and Africa in 2008 was "overshadowed by a campaign of intimidation against independent media, especially in the former Soviet Union, the Middle East and North Africa", the study says. Freedom House publishes the annual report on press freedom since 1980.
The US Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) also published a survey on Thursday - the list of "the ten worst countries for bloggers". This year's list includes Egypt, Burma, China, Iran, Cuba, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Vietnam. World Press Freedom Day is celebrated on Sunday.