Production What agencies should know about the new approaches to networked production...The concept of networked production is quickly explained: the areas of processing/calculation, prepress, printing and finishing should be able to be combined into one large whole using technical aids. Statuses can be reported back, tracked or other (sub-)processes initiated via each sub-process. The first concrete approaches to help the graphic arts industry achieve this kind of end-to-end networking date back to 1995. Under the leadership of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG and together with leading companies from the printing (e.g. KBA, MAN Roland, Komori), prepress (e.g. Adobe, Agfa, Creo, Screen) and finishing (e.g. Müller Martini, Polar-Mohr, Wohlenberg) sectors, the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (Fraunhofer IGD) in D-Darmstadt was commissioned to define, support and monitor a standard which - supported by these suppliers - would help the graphic arts industry to achieve networked and therefore more efficient production. The approach being pursued is also known as CIM or Computer Integrated Manufacturing, which is also known and used in other industries.
CIP3 - the first prankSince Fraunhofer IGD also performs other tasks, a consortium was founded within the institute and together with the initiators. CIP3 - short for "Cooperation for the Integration of Prepress, Press and Postpress" - was intended to help the three areas of prepress, press and postpress, or the "3P", achieve a breakthrough. It should have, because the approach remained such for a long time. Nevertheless, a small part of this networking concept managed to cause a sensation in the industry. More specifically, the PPF (Print Production Format) data container developed by Fraunhofer IGD was used as a transport tool for machine settings. As this approach only makes sense because print shops can save on an expensive plate reader and the set-up times on printing presses can also be significantly reduced, CIP3 was suddenly a hot topic in the graphic arts industry. As a result, the CIP3 consortium failed to understand that the name of the organization and the function of the data container were kept apart in the industry. For a long time, CIP3 data was exchanged between systems instead of the correct PPF data.
An electronic job ticket was responsible for the administrative link between the three areas of prepress, press and postpress. This "portable job ticket", or PJTF for short, was responsible for forwarding the non-technical administrative data from one area to another - i.e. not the data for machine control, but the job-related information such as print run, paper quality, grammage and the customer's contact addresses.
Networking 2.0A lot has happened since the CIP3 consortium was formed. The PDF data format has won its place as an output format in the prepress stage, the Internet and its technologies have become established. And the "data container transport" via PPF has become a discontinued model. Once again, an interest group has formed - this time the companies Heidelberger Druckmaschinen, MAN Roland, Adobe and Agfa - to take account of the changed conditions and to put the networking approach on a new, more stable footing.
However, this approach did not become CIP3.1, but CIP4. The name change goes hand in hand with the new approach of placing more emphasis on the processes (which explains the fourth "P"). And countless of these processes have been defined under the umbrella of the "Cooperation for the Integration of the Processes of Prepress, Press and Postpress" since its official launch in 1999.
The CIP4 approach is also completely different. In future, print production will no longer be based on a linear model that runs from "left to right" or from pre-press to post-press, but on a network-like concept that links a wide variety of processes in all directions. There has also been a paradigm shift in technology: the PPF data container and accompanying job ticket have been replaced by a modern, XML (eXtended Markup Language) based Job Definition Format (JDF), which describes the print job to be produced in its entirety.
From today's perspective, it can be said that what is summarized under the buzzword Web 2.0 - i.e. the weblog and podcast approaches together with the associated technologies such as RSS or Ajax - goes hand in hand with the relaunch of networked production within CIP4 in the graphics industry. CIP4 can therefore be described as "Networking 2.0".
Firstly, thanks to technologies such as the Job Definition format and the supplementary Job Messaging Format (JDF/JMF; see box) co-developed and further developed by the CIP4 consortium, print shops and packaging companies are able to process print jobs more efficiently. Less idle time and shorter set-up times mean higher productivity. Initially, however, these benefits are likely to barely cover the costs that companies will have to bear in order to finance investments in JDF-compatible machines. In the medium and long term, print shops are likely to benefit from "networked production" - even if only in the form of improved customer loyalty.
Thanks to the networking approach, the print shop's ability to provide information becomes more meaningful, as the status of individual processes (plates exposed? print finished?) can be queried at any time. Interestingly, too little attention is still paid to this aspect. Yet, apart from the price, it is the production status that interests print buyers in agencies and companies the most.
Jürgen Franck
Job Definition and Job Messaging Format mergeBasis of the Job Definition Format (JDF)
is XML (eXtensible Markup Languge). Thanks to this standardized marking language, data can be exchanged between different systems. JDF combines order-describing data (print run, customer, deadlines, etc.) with production-relevant data (formats, ink zone parameters, paper thicknesses, prepress parameters) and integrates the formats previously developed for specific applications such as Job Tickets (PJTF), Print Production Format (PPF) and IFRAtrack (a format originally developed specifically for the needs of newspaper production). In addition to the more production-oriented processes, commercial processes (work preparation, preliminary/post-calculation) can now also be mapped and integrated. The main advantage of this standard is that JDF is also an interface and can be used to combine systems and technologies from different manufacturers into one workflow. The prerequisite is a so-called interoperability test, which every product/solution must pass in order to be JDF-compliant.JMF is the no less interesting component.
As the job messaging format is also XML-based and, as the name suggests, takes care of communication, many options will be open in future thanks to this component. For example, it will be possible to use this interface to update websites (e.g. to display a status) or even to send SMS or e-mail messages. XML also allows production systems to be connected to ERP systems, for example, which opens up further possibilities. (jf)