Research From eye to attention tracking: The "Media Analyzer" takes attention measurement into the Internet age. At the same time, the new method corrects a number of perception myths. Today, more and more advertisers and media makers are finding the cost sensitivity of their customers and bosses to be at least as merciless as the fleeting nature of the consumer gaze. Convincing, innovative and at the same time comprehensible proof of effectiveness and success have therefore long played a key role in the crisis-ridden communications industry. And where demand is growing by leaps and bounds, new providers are naturally springing up like mushrooms. 4C Business Campaigning, for example, recently introduced a
"revolutionary method" for faster and cheaper, because
computer-assisted evaluation of so-called eye tracking studies. In this process, the course and dwell time of the gaze of a (still very limited) number of test subjects are analyzed using the usual apparatus in the
Laboratory measured. The only really new aspect of the development by Zurich-based market research company Management Tools is the targeted use of IT for data collection and processing.
The cursor as an eye extension Compared to this additional tool, which may save money and increase efficiency, but is still rather evolutionary, the invention of two cognitive scientists from Hamburg is in fact a minor revolution. The recent entry of the "Attention Tracking" method in Wolfgang J. Koschnick's industry bible "Focus-Lexikon" is evidence of this. According to this who's who of communication research, the technology "discovered" by Christian Scheier and Steffen Egner three years ago at the California Institute of Technology and refined since then differs from conventional eye cameras primarily in its "benchmark suitability".
In other words: The potentially unlimited number of participants in the online procedure generates sufficient case numbers to uncover and compare the perception patterns of entire target groups. And it works in such a way that test subjects at home, at work or in the laboratory, after two minutes of training, click on those parts of any image on a PC screen that catch their eye. The mouse pointer is thus understood and used as an extended, digitized eye - an immediately obvious analogy.
"The click is a glance, that's the trick," is the sales rhyme for this new Internet-based market research tool. Whether posters, print ads, TV commercials, magazine covers or entire kiosk displays: according to Christian Scheier, the "Media Analyzer", as the product and company is called, can be used to measure any visual communication format. The psychologist with a doctorate specializing in artificial intelligence calls his now patented software "a kind of X-ray machine for that mystery we call attention."
"Awareness controlling"
Like most of his guild, Scheier also assumes that we only have one, indivisible attention, which controls the human eye as well as the hand, heart and brain. And that alone is what counts for advertisers, packaging designers, newspaper makers and other professional eye and attention catchers. Because only what attracts the eye and can hold it for at least 250 milliseconds has any chance of passing through our increasingly impermeable filter of consciousness, leaving (image) traces and possibly even triggering a (buying) reflex. "Our visual system manages a maximum of three such fixations per second, everything in between is blindness," says Scheier. Which is why conventional eye-tracking provides a lot of "junk data" and far less relevant and precise information than its further development "for the communication controlling of the 21st century".
As a result, the eight-person start-up company mainly receives orders from brand owners who, in the face of increasing cost and efficiency pressure, are no longer satisfied with soft values for brand awareness, but demand hard, representative figures. "Actually, all communication designers should have a vested interest in objectifying their creative performance," says Scheier with a flirtatious mixture of idealism and optimism of purpose. In addition to various IT and Internet service providers (including IBM and Yahoo!), he already has two major German publishing houses in his portfolio: Burda and Holtzbrinck. The latter wanted to know whether and how attention management works at its flagship Die Zeit. After all, the match-decisive title pages and spreads are usually a mixture of the gut feelings of art director and editor-in-chief. The following three images provide the answers for the most successful of the nine front pages analyzed.
Perceptual psychologists like to describe the way attention works as a spotlight or flashlight: the cone of light only ever remains on those points that prima vista arouse our interest. The rest is not even ignored. The different ways in which the test results are presented speak a correspondingly clear language. The most suggestive and - for men who are presented with a magazine cover or an advertisement featuring a scantily clad model - the most embarrassing type of illustration is darkening: depending on the pose, tunnel vision involuntarily focuses on breasts or buttocks plus face. Women, for their part, generally hide female nudity and focus on parts of the text instead.
Either way, the recall values for the associated magazine title or perfume brand are negligible in both cases. Effect researchers are well aware of such cannibalization effects, which Christian Scheier is very happy about, as this congruence with the findings of conventional methods confirms the validity of his own method. In the course of his review of old industry laws - such as the fact that overly "sticky" images and headlines distract from the areas relevant to sales - the Zurich native has also debunked some previously unquestioned myths.
For example, that advertisements (like texts) are processed in the direction of reading, i.e. from top left to bottom right. At renowned institutes such as the Miami Ad School, this golden "Z" rule is still the official doctrine today. "However, the reality is different," says Scheier. "Which path the eye takes is completely different and depends solely on the layout and content of the ad or newspaper page." Theoretically, one or the other could be subjected to attention tracking in advance in future. In practice, the trial-and-error principle will probably continue to be followed. Unless the recession, and with it the pressure on communication designers to be efficient and legitimate, mutates from a temporary to a permanent state.
Eye tracking off- and onlineIn the laboratories of Management Tools (www.mgtools.ch) and other market researchers, test subjects are fitted with special glasses that track their eyes.
records eye movements.
This method only works for people who wear glasses or have dark eyes.
limited. The results obtained in this way are also distorted by
head movements and a certain situational self-censorship (for example, many people under observation avoid
standing women any visual contact with nudity).
In attention tracking (www.mediaanalyzer.net), on the other hand, the test subjects sit in front of a computer screen in their familiar environment and only need to be online. According to Scheier, after a two-minute training session reminiscent of the legendary digital grouse hunt, 92 percent of the candidates are fast enough to follow each of their glances with a mouse click. Special software records where and in what sequence this happens and uses this data to calculate collective attention images. (oc)
The arrows mark the attention paths. In this (ideal) case, the eye is first drawn to the central image, from there to the explanatory headline and back to the image, then to the newspaper headline and from there to the advertisement.
The green dots indicate where viewers are focusing their attention, according to the motto "Every glance a click and every click a dot".
The concentration of individual views in the thermal image forms the (red) hot spot. Interest decreases more and more towards the outside.
Oliver Classen